![]() ![]() Relationship between personal freedoms and national security. 14ġ941, the events of September 11 forced American citizens to reconsider the Three-quarters of the would-be victims were American citizens. 13 Nevertheless, similar plans for mass internment received support from Army That-as Knox envisioned it-would have entailed the incarceration of Island community of its civil liberties en masse, with Secretary of the Navyįrank Knox going so far as to recommend "taking all of the Japs out of O‘ahuĪnd putting them in a concentration camp on some other island." 12 Opponents to such a massive internment program included General Emmons, whoĬited labor needs and shipping challenges in an attempt to forestall a plan 11 There were even officials in the nation's capital who preferred to strip the Percent of the territory's total population. were leery of the islands' multi-ethnicĬomposition, especially the 159,000 ethnic Japanese residents who formed 38 Mainland often found it difficult to navigate a social landscape in which 9 Arriving with lofty expectations of an island paradise stoked by Hollywoodįilms and the advertising industry, soldiers and war workers from the U.S. ![]() Imaginary as a romantic and exotic getaway, but also as a place of danger and Mainland west coast, the unfolding of civilian internment in Hawai‘iĭemonstrates that racial and ethnic markers often outweighed one's citizenship Resisted the type of blanket forced-relocation program implemented on the Although leading officials such as Military Governor Delos Emmons andįederal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) Honolulu bureau chief Robert Shivers Of civilian internment tested the boundaries of citizenship and nationalīelonging for Hawai‘i's non-Anglo communities, particularly those of Japaneseĭescent. 7 Such was the environment in which the institution of martial law and implementation Overwhelmingly-79 percent-non-Caucasian population. To its indigenous host culture, its territorial status, and its Laboratory, distinct from the continental United States in numerous ways, owing Within a comparative and global historical framework. Historical lesson in its own right, while situating Hawai‘i's wartime experience 6 The task set forth here is to reexamine Hawai‘i's internment story as a crucial 5 Unfortunately, this romantic portrayal of events obscures a more Japanese population suffered the pains and misfortunes of internment. The tale goes, the "spirit of aloha prevailed," keeping race relations onĬordial terms and ensuring that no more than 1 percent of the islands' ethnic Relocation of Japanese Americans living on mainland west coast. Story is typically reduced to that of an uplifting counterpoint to the mass 4 In the dominant narrative of World War II-era internment in the United States, Hawai‘i's More than 2,500 of whom experienced some form of internment or trans-Pacific removalĭuring the war, primarily due to their ethnic identities. 3 This essay, however, will focus more closely on Hawai‘i's civilian residents, Koreans conscripted into the Japanese Army, often as reluctant laborers. Wire on the Hawaiian Islands, including 5,000 Italian soldiers and nearly 2,700 Individuals-mostly POWs-had found themselves trapped behind barbed Principal mid-Pacific transfer and holding site for prisoners of war, alienĮnemies, and mistrusted U.S. The auspices of martial law, the Territory of Hawai‘i also functioned as the Prompted curfews, censorship, and the closure of Hawai‘i's civil courts. Hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (and military installationsĪcross the island of O‘ahu), and continuing for thirty-four months, martial law Residents was the institution and persistence of martial law. The most unsettling aspect of militarization of Hawaiian society for local 2 Despite overcrowding, housing shortages, and the seizure of public facilities, Thousands of American sailors afloat in the Central Pacific. Percent of the territory's overall population, not including the hundreds of (1,250 km²) of land, and armed forces personnel accounted for more than 43 1 By the war's end, the United States military owned or controlled 390,000 acres ![]() Into the principal training site, staging grounds, and supply point for theĪmerican war in the Pacific. Reached its zenith during the Second World War, with the islands being transformed Strategic role in the United States' geopolitical machinations in the Pacific Islands of Hawai‘i-and O‘ahu in particular-have played a crucial At first thought, the notion of Hawaiian coastlines littered with gunĮmplacements and enveloped in barbed wire seems a bit incongruous. The name "Hawai‘i" typically conjures up images of white sandy beaches flankingĪn iridescent ocean teeming with coral and fish-in short, a tropical Barbed-Wire Beaches: Martial Law and Civilian Internment in Wartime Hawai‘i Alan Rosenfeld ![]()
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